[音韻] Part three: Coarticulary Nasalization and the phonological development: Data from Italian and English Nasal=Fricative sequences Ch 11.3~4

Part three: Coarticulary Nasalization and the phonological development: Data from Italian and English Nasal-Fricative sequences Ch 11.3~4
11.3Method
Previous findings between oral air emission for the production of oral sound and the extend of the closure of the VP opening.
Positive correlation(Lubker and Moll 1995)
Current method
11.3.1 Speech material
Table 11.1 Words used in the experiment
The words are placed as in below
Italian: Dico X di
English: I said X again
And read five times by each subject
11.3.2 Procedure
Oral and nasal flows were transduced by
two-chamber Glottal Enterprise Rothenberg mask.
Audio signal were recorded by
A high-quality microphone attached to the exterior of the mask
11.3.3 Analysis
First analyzed with PCquitier.
Display of acoustic waveform
Spectrogram
Oral and nasal flow
When vowel is oral & nasal is fully articulated
When vowel is nasalized before a fully articulated nasal consonant
When vowel is nasalized before a weakly articulated nasal consonant
A fully nasalized vowels co-occurrence of nasal flow
11.3.4 Measures
11.3.4.1 Acoustic analysis
Duration measures were taken of
the test & control of Vs
nasalized portions of pre-nasal Vs, Ns,Fs
11.3.4.2 Nasal airflow
Difference at the nasal onset and offset
Figure 11.2
The interpretation of the nasal flow with the thresholds were label as
tN1, tN2, tN3, tN4,
The peak time of nasal flow was labeled t Npeak, -tN,
11.3.4.3 Oral airflow
Oral movement with a piecewise linear envelop
The envelop was used to compute the time lag
From the maximum of oral closure to the nasal peak
11.3.4.5 Statistical analysis
One-way ANOVAs
Acoustic data
Two-ways ANOVAs
Within-group
Between-group
By averaging, by group
Same to aerodynamic data
Averaging values across VNF, and VNTS context
11.4 Result
11.4.1. Acoustic analysis
Figure 1.1(left panel)
Typical case in N1 data
The vowel is heavily nasalized
The nasal consonant is weakly articulated before the following voiceless fricatives
Figure 1.1(right panel)
The release of
the oral occlusion for the nasal consonant between the velic closure(nasal peak)
The result of the acoustic analysis
Two-ways ANOVAs
Table 11.2-4
As expected
There is defect of vowel quality on vowel duration
And the duration of vowel nasalization
Table 5
N1 has the longest vowels and shortest oral consonants(F,TS) in
VNF
VNTS sequence